![]() THANKS PHIL! □□□ Background: Projections # Most of our media for visualization are flat # Phil is the creator of Cartopy and published his tutorial under an open license, meaning that we can copy, adapt, and redistribute it as long as we give proper attribution. Lots of the material in this lesson was adopted from Phil Elson’s excellent Cartopy Tutorial. For this reason, new python learners are recommended to learn Cartopy. Another popular and powerful library is Basemap however, Basemap is going away and being replaced with Cartopy in the near future. In this lecture, we will learn about Cartopy, one of the most common packages for making maps within python. Mapping is a notoriously hard and complicated problem, mostly due to the complexities of projection. Maps often include extra decorations besides just our data (e.g. Maps require a projection of geographic coordinates on the 3D Earth to the 2D space of your figure. Maps differ from regular figures in the following principle ways: Making maps is a fundamental part of geoscience research. Model validation: Comparing a state estimate to observationsĬalculating properties in the native model grid using xgcm Working with output from many different CMIP6 climate modelsĪssignment: Calculate wet bulb temperature for CMIP6 models Xarray Interpolation, Groupby, Resample, Rolling, and CoarsenĪssignment: More Xarray with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Data Organization and Packaging of Python ProjectsĪssignment: Pandas Fundamentals with Earthquake DataĪssignment: Pandas Groupby with Hurricane DataĪssignment: Xarray Fundamentals with Atmospheric Radiation Data More informationĪbout viewing, downloading, and printing report files can be found at the common download problems FAQ.An Introduction to Earth and Environmental Data Science Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge. PDF documents opened from yourīrowser may not display or print as intended. The documents to your computer and open them with Adobe Reader. For best results viewing and printing PDF documents, it is recommended that you download Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format A discussion of appearance, usage, and history is given together with both forward and inverse equations for each projection involved. With increased computerization, it is important to realize that rectangular coordinates for all these projections may be mathematically calculated with formulas which would have seemed too complicated in the past, but which now may be programmed routinely, especially if aided by numerical examples. Several other projections which have not been used by the USGS are frequently of interest to the cartographic public. The mapping of extraterrestrial bodies has resulted in the use of standard projections in completely new settings. The USGS has also conceived and designed several new projections, including the Space Oblique Mercator, the first map projection designed to permit mapping of the Earth continuously from a satellite with low distortion. Some projections treat the Earth only as a sphere, others as either ellipsoid or sphere. Other projections, such as the Miller Cylindrical and the Van der Grinten, are chosen occasionally for convenience, sometimes making use of existing base maps prepared by others. Equal-area and equidistant projections appear in the National Atlas. ![]() For larger scale maps, including topographic quadrangles and the State Base Map Series, conformal projections such as the Transverse Mercator and the Lambert Conformal Conic are used. Geological Survey (USGS) now uses several of the more common projections for its published maps. After decades of using only one map projection, the Polyconic, for its mapping program, the U.S. ![]()
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